Clarissa Zafirov, a physician, brought a False Claims Act qui tam suit alleging that health-care companies submitted false diagnosis codes to Medicare. The district court dismissed the case, reasoning that a relator exercises federal authority and therefore must be appointed under the Constitution’s Appointments Clause. The Eleventh Circuit held that qui tam relators do not occupy a continuing office established by law and are not federal officers subject to that Clause. It vacated the dismissal and remanded for the district court to consider the defendants’ separate Take Care and Vesting Clause challenges.