Commercial fishermen Dominick and James Russo challenged a rule that cut gag-grouper catch limits by about 86 percent. They argued that members of the Gulf Fishery Management Council exercise significant federal authority without constitutionally valid appointments, and that the Secretary’s rule should therefore be set aside. The Eleventh Circuit held that the Council’s statutory veto powers confer significant authority, but those powers were not used to make this rule; the Secretary independently approved it. The court therefore left the catch limit in place, vacated the district-court judgment for the fishermen, and remanded for judgment for the government.