The federal government charged Helaman Hansen with encouraging or inducing noncitizens to reside unlawfully in the United States. Hansen argued that the statute criminalized a broad range of protected speech and violated the First Amendment. The Court upheld the statute as construed, explaining that its context and mens rea requirement target intentional facilitation of unlawful immigration rather than abstract advocacy or ordinary political speech. The Court reversed the judgment below and remanded for further proceedings.