John Ramirez, who was sentenced to death for murder, asked Texas to allow his longtime pastor to be present in the execution chamber and to pray aloud and touch him during the execution. Texas changed its protocol to permit a spiritual adviser in the chamber but refused the requested physical contact and audible prayer. The Supreme Court considered whether Ramirez was entitled to preliminary relief under the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act and related constitutional principles. The Court held that Ramirez had shown a likelihood of success on his claim that Texas’s restrictions substantially burdened his religious exercise and that the requested accommodation could be provided without unacceptable security risks. It also held that his filing delay did not independently defeat equitable relief. The Court affirmed relief requiring Texas to accommodate the pastor’s presence and religious conduct, while leaving implementation to the lower courts. Justice Kavanaugh dissented, joined in part by other Justices, arguing that Ramirez’s delay and litigation history warranted denial of relief.