Trevis Caldwell was housed in a federal prison’s Special Management Unit with Jeremy Pinson, an inmate known to be violent and disruptive. After Pinson started a dangerous cell fire, officials removed Caldwell, treated his injuries, and returned him to the same cell. Caldwell alleged that he repeatedly warned officials he feared Pinson and that they failed to investigate or reduce the risk. Pinson later assaulted and stabbed Caldwell, causing substantial injuries. The Eleventh Circuit held that the summary-judgment evidence, viewed in Caldwell’s favor, would allow a jury to find deliberate indifference to a known substantial risk of serious harm; clearly established law defeated qualified immunity at that stage. It vacated the district court’s judgment and remanded for further proceedings, directing the district court to allow all parties a reasonable discovery period of at least three months because discovery had not gone beyond initial disclosures.