A former President sought dismissal of a federal indictment alleging that he attempted to overturn the 2020 election, arguing that presidential immunity barred prosecution. The Supreme Court held that a former President has absolute immunity from criminal prosecution for conduct within his conclusive and preclusive constitutional authority, at least presumptive immunity for other official acts, and no immunity for unofficial conduct. Courts must classify the alleged acts without probing presidential motives, and protected official conduct generally may not be used to establish criminal liability for unofficial acts. Because the lower courts had not applied that framework allegation by allegation, the judgment was vacated and the case remanded.